|
|
 |
 |
| |
l,dj" udOH yd ikaksfõokh |
|
 |
|
2009-06-04 |
|
 |
|
frÔ is¾j¾Okhka 1983 Tlaf;dan¾ ui m<jQ" ,xld .dähka mqj;am;g ,shQ 'Art, Media, Communication, kï ,smsh weiqfrks'
usksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk we;eï foa l,d lD;Ska f,i;a" ;j;a foa l,dlD;s fkdjk nj;a fjka fldg ie,lSug wms mqreÿ mqyqKq ù isáuq' ta ta úIhhkays ffki¾.slj msysá lsishï .=Kdx.hla thg fya;=ù we;eZhs wms úYajdi lruq'
îf;dajkaf.a ix.S;h l,djls' tfy;a nhs,dj l,djla fkdfõ' tfiau zl,shq.hZ Ñ;%mgh l,d lD;shla fia .sksh yelsuq;a zljqo rcdZ tjekakla fkdfõ'
|
|
|
| |
fujeks ks.ukhka lsisÿ m%Yak lsÍulska f;drj ms<s.ekSug fndfydafokd fm<ö isá;s' tfy;a fuu fjkialug fya;=j fidhd.ekSug W;aidy lsÍfï§" tkï l,dj yd l,dj fkdjk foa w;r fjki ljf¾±Zhs úuid ne,Sfï§ wm lsishï .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhlg m;aj isák neõ jegyS hhs'
fï ms<sn| ;j;a ksoiqkla bÈßm;a lruq' wmf.a ksjfia úis;a; ldurfha ;nd we;s Ök fmda¾isf,aka u,a n÷kla l,dlD;shla jk kuqÿ le,Ksfha§ ñ,g .;a l=iaisfha we;s ueá we;s,shla l,dlD;shla fia ie,lsh yelso@ fuu NdKav w;r fjkig fya;=ù we;af;a tla NdKavhl we;s mdßfNda.sl jákdlu yd wfkfla we;s úis;=re tfy;a tjeks lsisÿ mdßfNda.sl jákdlula fkdue;s njo@
ßpâ mSßia ziud.fï rn¾ u,a n÷kla l,dlD;shla úh yelso@
fuys§ we;eïúg fjk;a wdldrhl .eg¨jla u;=ùug o bv we;' le,Ksfha§ .;a wm rfÜ uq¿;ekaf.g wh;a hglS ueá n÷k lsishï úfoaYSh ixpdrlhl= ;u rgg f.kf.dia Tyqf.a ksjfia úis;a; ldurfha ieris,a,la f,ig Ndú; lf<a kï tys§ we;eïúg tu NdKavh l,d lD;shla fia ie,fla'
fï wkqj l,dlD;shla yd tfia fkdjkakla w;r fjkig fya;=jkafka ta ta úIfhys msysá ffki¾.sl .=Kdx.hla fkdj ta ta NdKavh$fyda úIh ñksid úiska mßyrKh lsÍfï§ we;sjl fjki neõ jegyS hkq we;'
tlu NdKavh úúO ixialD;sluh ixo¾N hkays§ l,d lD;shla ùug fyda fkdùug bv we;'
fuu ;¾lh ikd: lsÍug ;j;a ksoiqkla Wmqgd olajuq' wE; w;S;fha ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ" wo
Èk Wiia l,d lD;Ska fia .sksh yels fndfyda oE tajd ks¾udKh l< hq.fha§ tfia fkdie,lsK'
fmdf<dkakre .,a úydrfha nqoaO m%;sudj fyda Sistine ys foajia:dkfha ì;=is;=jï tl, úiQ ckS ckhdf.a wd.ñl Nla;sh ix;¾mKh lr.ekSu Wfoid ksuejQ foa ñil l,d lD;s fia ks¾udKh jQ foa fkdfõ'
uyd Ndr;h fyda Iliad ys tk jels tod rdc iNdfõ .dhkd lrk ,oafoa tajdfha we;s idys;Huh .=Kdx. fya;= fldgf.k fkdj md,l mka;sfha ùrl%shd yqjd±laùug neõ fmkS hkq we;'
lsishï jia;=jla ñksidf.a fi!kao¾hh w;a±lSu idlaId;a lr.ekSfï yelshdfjka hqla; nj jgyd .ekSu;a ta fya;=fldg f.k tu jia;=j l,d lD;shla kï jQ úfYaI kdulrKhlg Ndckh lsÍu;a 19 jk ishjig jvd wE;g fkd.sh b;sydihla we;s isÿùuls'
fuh hqfrdamSh uOHu mdka;sl YsIagdpdrfha lsishï wjia:djl§ biau;= jQ" miqj f,dalh mqrd jHdma; jQ m%mxÑhls l,dj yd l,dj fkdjkafka l=ulao hkak lsishï YsIagdpdrhl§ hï hï u;jdohla yryd biau;= jQjla neõ fï wkqj jegyS hkq we;'
uOHu mdka;sl iudc ia:rhkaf.a biau;=ùug m%:u l,dj kï jQ ixl,amh Ndú; jQfha lsishï ld¾ñl yelshdjla ye¢kaùu i|yd neõ fmfka' je÷ï msÿï i|yd l¿ .,lska ms<suhla fk,Su fyda uq¿;ekaf.hs bjqï msyqï i|yd ,S leghñka l< yekaola ks¾udKh lsÍu tjeks lghq;a;ls'
w;S;fha Wvrg leghïlrejl= ;ekQ tjeks yekaola wo Èk fl!;=ld.drhl l,d lD;shla fia ;ekam;a lr ;sîu ffojfha iroula fia ie,lsh yel'
uOHu mdka;sl ld¾ñl YsIagdpdrh ;=< l,dj yd l,dj fkdjk foa w;r fn§u ksrEms; u;jdoh ìysùu i|yd fya;=N+;jQ lreKq ldrKd fidhd mdod.ekSu t;rï myiq fkdfõ' tla fldgil jQ NdKav fm!oa.,sl ,dN wfmalaIdfjka tlsfkld w;r yqjudre lr.ekSu i|yd ñksia Y%ñlhka úiska ksmehQ tajd jk w;r" wfkla tajd" ish wd;au m%ldYkh wrnhd ñi fjk;a M,m%fhdackhla ,nd.ekSfï wruqKska f;drj" l,dlrejkaf.a Y%uh yryd ksuejQ foa fjhs'
ish ffoksl lghq;=j,ska fyïn;a jQ jHdmdßlfhl= ish flá úfõlh i|yd mßyrKh lrkakdjQ l,dj fukau" úma,jldÍ l,dlrejl= l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska kef.k f>daIdfjka ñ§u i|yd ish Ñ;%d.drfha" ix.S;dY%ufha fyda fm!oa.,sl mqia;ld,fha fodr.=¨ ,d .ksñka lrkakdjQ lghq;= o fï ;=< wka;¾.;fõ'
l,dj yd l,dj fkdjk foa w;r m%;súreoaO;dj ms<sn| fuu u;jdoh lsishï ienEjla fia ms<s.ekSug fya;=jk lreKq ldrKd 19 jk ishjfia§ ia:dms; jQ njla fmksK' ld,a udlaia mjd mshdfkdaj ;kkakd yd mshdfkda jdolhd w;r wd¾Ól m%fNaohla uq,a fldg.;a woyia m%ldYkhla lrkakg fhÿKs'
tfy;a 20 jk ishjfia h:d¾:h yuqfõ fuu u;jdoh tla;rd ÿrlg fkd.e<fmk iajNdjhla fmkakqï lf<ah'
wo ojfia l,dj yd udOHh w;r we;s fjkialï i,ld ne,Sfï§ fuu lafIa;%h ;=< we;s ñ:Hdj yd h:d¾:h ms<sn|j we;s mriamr;d ms<sn| ;j;a ksoiqka wjYH fkdfõ' l,dj yd udOHh kï jQ lafIa;%hka foflysu lsishï wdldrhl ixialD;suh ksIamdokhla ms<sn| yeÕùula we;' tys§ lsishï ksIamdokhla fnodyeÍula yd yqjudrejla isÿjk nj fmkShhs'
l,dj yd udOH w;r m%fNaohka yqjd ±laùug lsishï úIh uQ,sl mokula f.kyermEug .;a W;aidyhla ;sìh yel' kjl:dj" kdgHh" lúh" Ñ;% yd ix.S;h l,djka fõ' mqj;am;a" .=jkaúÿ,sh yd rEmjdysksh zudOHhkaZ fõ' tfy;a fuh idOdrK fn§ula fkdfõ'
úpdrl oDIaáhlska neÆ l, we;eï kjl:d" Ñ;%mg yd ix.S; rpkd l,d lD;s jk w;r we;eï tajd tu .Khg fkdjefÜ' Virginia Woolf f.a kjl:d yd Rosemary Rogers f.a kjl:d w;r meyeÈ,s fjkila ±lsh yel' tfy;a mdGlhd w;r jvd ckm%sh ù we;af;a fojeksj i|yka rÑldjf.a kjl:dhs' fmdÿ ck reÑh yd iq¿;r ixialD;sh w;r we;s fjkialï ms<sn| fmdÿ u;hg wkqj kï Virginia Woolf jvd Wiia kjl:dldßhla ùug bv ;sfí' tfy;a th ksjerÈ ks.ukhla fkdfõ'
tu u;hg tlÕjkafka kï ckm%sh kjl:d" fjf<| ±kaùï" ckm%sh mqj;am;a" Ñ;%mg yd rEmjdysksh hkq nd," my;a fmf<a" ck;djf.a reÑl;ajh úkdY lrk foa f,i ie,lsh yel' fuu úkdYh hï ;rulg fyda ixisÿjkafka iq¿ risl;ajhla Wfoid lrkakdjQ ks¾udK yrydhs'
tfy;a fujeks iq¿ risl;ajhla i|yd ksuejQ WiiaheZhs ie,flk we;eï lD;Ska iudch ;=< RK jákdlï jmqrk neõ fuu u;h bÈßm;a lrkakjqka fkdi,ld we;s neõ fmfka' ksoiqkla f,i T.S. Eliot f.a ldjHhkays tk wyxldr;ajh yd hqfoõ úfrdaë nj o" D.H. Lawrence f.a kjl:djkays tk mqreIdêm;Hh yqjd ±laùu o i|yka l< yel'
zl,d lD;Ska ck;djf.a wNsjDoaêh msKsi jk w;r" my;a fmf<a ks¾udK Tjqka úkdY uqLhg hjhsZ kï jq Leavis f.a iQ;%h idOdrKSlrKh lsÍug fya;= idOl fkdue;' 83 cQ,s l,n, iufha b;du;a ks¾NS;j yd udkqIsl yeÕSfuka l%shdl< we;eï Woúh w;r .=jkaúÿ,sfha fjf<| fiajhg lkafok yd nd,j¾.fha fg,skdgH krUk msßia isáhy' tfiau b;d by< ri{;djla we;s" tjeks ks¾NS;lula fyda ñksialulska f;drjQ we;eï wh .ek uu fm!oa.,slju okafkñ'
fuys§ l,dj yd l,dj fkdjk foa w;r fjki b;d ir, jQjlaheZhs Tn is;kakg mq¿jk' tkï tlla m%nkaOh yd is;sú,s yd noaO jQjla jk w;r" wfkl úoHd;aul ±kqu yd iïnkaO" ienEj ta yeáfhkau jd¾;d lsÍulaheZhs Tn lSug mq¿jk' tfy;a m%nkaOh yd ienEj w;r fuu fnÿï f¾Ldj igyka lsÍu t;rï myiq fkdfõ'
ld,a udlaiaf.a "The Capital" kï lD;sh" wd¾Ól úoHd;aul kHdhhka yd wd¾Ól b;sydih ms<sn|j ,shejqKq úoHd;aul lD;shla f,i flfkl= ie,lSug bv ;sfnk w;r" ;jfll=g th w.kd idys;Huh l,d lD;shla fia fmkShEugo bv we;'
wfkla w;ska mqj;am;l fyda rEmjdyskS m%jD;a;s jevigykl tk m%jD;a;sh" fndfyda úg lmd fldgd" f;dardf.k" f;dr;=re tyd fuyd lrñka m%;sks¾udKh jQjla" fkdtfia kï lsishï m%nkaOhla f,i ie,lSug o mq¿jk'
fï ms<sn|j lÈu ksoiqkla jkafka ysÜ,¾f.a Nuremberg mlaI /,sh w<,d Leni Riefenstahl ks¾udKh l< Triump of the will kï jQ jd¾;d Ñ;%mghhs' tys§ ieneúkau isÿj we;af;a leurdj fjkqfjka mlaI /,sh ixúOdkh lsÍuls'
fuu Y;j¾Ifha uq,a Nd.h ;=< reishdkq wdlD;sljd§ka (formalists) yd m%d.a ys wdlD;sl;d jd.a úoHd{hka úiska l,dj hkak ms<sn|j lsishï w¾:±laùula bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy lf<dah' Tjqyq fï i|yd uQ,sl lr.kakg fhÿfKa idys;Hh yd lúhhs' tfy;a fuu w¾: ±laùu wfkl=;a l,d udOHhkag o fmdÿ jQjls'
f>daIsh¾f.a ix{d ldrlh (Signifier) yd ix{dlD;sh (Signified) kï jQ ixl,amh Ndú; lrñka Tjqyq fuu meyeÈ,s lsÍu bÈßm;a lf<dah'
lúh ;=< jpkh hkak lsishï ksYaÑ; yqÿ wre;la muKla biau;= lrkakla muKla fkdfõ' th ix{dlD;h fjkqjg wdfoaY l<yelalls' jpkfha mod¾:uh .=Kh" tys èjks;d¾:h" iajrEmh" ld,h" ßoauh yd rgdj w;r isÿjk foda,kh ùu wdlD;sljd§ka úiska NdIdfõ ldjHuh ia:rh ms<sn| wkkHh jQ .=Kdx.hla f,i fmkajd fok ,È'
fuu uQ,O¾u rEm yd Yío udOHhkays tk ix{d l%ufõo olajdu mq¿,a lrñka l,dj ms<sn| fmdÿ kHdhla f.dvke.Su myiq lghq;a;ls'
tfy;a fuys§ wm .kqfokq lrkafka l,d lD;shl mj;sk lsisÿ ffki¾.sl .=Kdx.hla iu. fkdfõ' fuu .kqfokqj isÿjkafka tu lD;sh lshùu" keröu fyda ijka§u isÿlrkakdjQ wdldrh fkdtfia kï wmf.a reÑ wreÑlï yd yqremqreÿlï yrydhs' fuu l%shdoduh we;eïúg wm l,dj hkqfjka y÷kajkafka ke;s jia;+ka wrnhd o isÿjkakls' ksoiqkla f,i isx.mamQre .=jka fiajh ms<sn|j ks¾udKh l< rEmjdyskS ±kaùu kerUQ hï fm%alaIlfhla tys rEm ixúOdkh ixialrKh yd iuia; rEmdj,sh ;=<ska lsishï wdiajdohla ,eîug mq¿jk' tkï tys§ Tyqg wkqj ix{dldrhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh bIag isoaO ù we;'
;j;a who tu fjf<| m%pdrl mgfha u;=msg wre; ms<sn|j muKla jegySula ,nd.ekSfuka wk;=rej ÿrl:kfhka .=jka fiajhg l:d fldg ;ukaf.a ó<Õ .=jka .uk i|yd wdikhla fjkalrjd .ekSug bv we;'
;j;a whl= fuu m%pdrl mgfha tk rEm yd Yío úiska yqjd olajk jHdc;ajh lsishï wdldrhlska fjf<| NdKavhla úlsKSu i|yd lrkakd jQ ldka;d m%;srEmh iQrdlEulg ,lalsÍula f,i y÷kd.ekSug bv we;'
fï wkqj ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; lsishï ixialD;suh ksmehqula úúO iudcuh Ndú;djla yryd ,nk jákdlu ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sug wmg isÿfõ'
fuh isx.mamQre .=jka fiajd fjf<| m%pdrl mghg muKla fkdj" fIalaiamsh¾f.a lD;s i|yd o j,x.= jQjls'
±kg jir .Kkdjlg fmr fIalaiamsh¾f.a lD;s lsysmhl uq,a w;amsgm;a msgqfjka msgqj mÍlaId lrñka th uqøKh l< wdldrh úu¾Ykh l< weußldkq m¾fhaIlhl= tu lghq;a; isÿlf<a tu lD;s l,d ks¾udK fia i,lñka fkdfõ'
fï wkqj l,dj yd l,dj fkdjk foa ljf¾±Zhs fnod fjkalsÍu wkqjK l%shdjla nj;a" wm úiska l<hq;af;a úúO NdKav ñksid úiska mßyrKh lsÍu yryd tajdg hï hï iudc ia:rhkays úúO jákdlï wdrEV lsÍu nj jgyd .ekSu;a muKs' iudc Ndú;dj fjkqfjka ksIamdÈ; lsishï NdKavhla" ;j;a ;ekl§ thg yd;amiskau fjkia jQ lghq;a;lg fhdod.ekSug fnfyúkau bvlv we;s neõ wm úiska jgyd .;hq;=j we;'
±kg Y;j¾I .Kkdjlg m%:u wiajekak fk,k iufha iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl .eñhka l< lú .dhkdjka wo Èk fmardfoKs úYajúoHd,fha idys;Hh úod¾Òkaf.a úpdrhg ,lajQ l,d ks¾udKhka ùu wreuhla fkdfõ'
Ydia;%d,Sh wdh;kh yd n,wêldÍka idys;Hh tla mSGlh;a" ,,s; l,d wOHhkh ;j;a mSGhl;a ia:dms; lr we;af;a tajdfha jQ ienE fjkialula ksid fkdj" l,ska i|yka l< iudc kHdh O¾u yd u;jdo fya;= fldgf.k neõ jgyd .;hq;= fõ'
^rdjh& |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
